Herbicidal compositions comprising 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are synergistic herbicidal compositions containing (a) a compound of formula (I): 
                         
or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The compositions and methods provide control of undesirable vegetation, e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) or rights of way (ROW).

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/675,077 filed on Jul. 24, 2012, this provisional application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Provided herein are herbicidal compositions comprising (a) 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, pyributicarb or oxaziclomefone or an agriculturally acceptable salt.

Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying (a) 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-O-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, pyributicarb or oxaziclomefone or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.

BACKGROUND

The protection of crops from weeds and other vegetation which inhibit crop growth is a constantly recurring problem in agriculture. To help combat this problem, researchers in the field of synthetic chemistry have produced an extensive variety of chemicals and chemical formulations effective in the control of such unwanted growth. Chemical herbicides of many types have been disclosed in the literature and a large number are in commercial use. However, there remains a need for compositions and methods that are effective in controlling undesirable vegetation.

SUMMARY

A first embodiment of the invention provided herein includes herbicidal compositions comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.

A second embodiment includes the mixture of the first embodiment in which formula (I) is present in at least one of the following forms: a carboxylic acid, a carboxylate salt, an aralkyl, an alkyl ester, an unsubstituted benzyl, a substituted benzyl, a C₁₋₄ alkyl, and/or an n-butyl ester.

A third embodiment includes the mixtures according to either of the first and second embodiments in which the bromobutide inhibitor in the mixture is 2-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-N-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)butanamide wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the bromobutide given in units of gae/ha to gai/ha or gae/ha to gae/ha is selected from the group of ranges of ratios and ratios consisting of about: 1:450 to 6:1, 1:28, 1:14, 1:56, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:800, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A fourth embodiment includes the mixtures according to any of the first or second embodiments in which the daimuron in the mixture is N-(4-methylphenyl)-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)urea wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the daimuron given in units of gae/ha to gai/ha or gae/ha to gae/ha is selected from the group of ranges of ratios and ratios consisting of about: 1:750 to 2.5:1, 1:23, 1:46, 1:92, 1:12, 1:6, 1:25, 1:12.5, 1:50, 1:150, 1:250, 1:500, and 1:900, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A fifth embodiment includes the mixtures according to any of the first or second embodiments in which the oxaziclomefone in the mixture is 3-[1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl]-2,3-dihydro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,3-oxazin-4-one wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the oxaziclomefone given in units of gae/ha to gai/ha or gae/ha to gae/ha is selected from the group of ranges of ratios and ratios consisting of about: 1:40 to 12:1, 1:1.4, 1:0.7, 1:4.6, 1:2.3, 1:20 to 6:1, and 1:80 to 24:1, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A sixth embodiment includes the mixtures according to any of the first or second embodiments in which the pyributicarb in the mixture is O-[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]N-(6-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-N-methylcarbamothioate wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the pyributicarb given in units of gae/ha to gai/ha or gae/ha to gae/ha is selected from the group of ranges of ratios and ratios consisting of about: 1.300 to 6:1, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A seventh embodiment includes any composition according to any of the first through the sixth embodiments wherein the mixture further comprises at least one agriculturally acceptable agent selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a carrier, or a safener.

An eighth embodiment includes methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising the step of applying or otherwise contacting vegetation and/or soil, and/or water with an herbicidally effective amount of at least one mixture according to any of the first through the seventh embodiments.

A ninth embodiment includes methods according to the eighth embodiment wherein in the method is practiced in at least one member selected from the group consisting of: direct-seeded, water-seeded, and/or transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM), or rights-of-way (ROW).

A tenth embodiment includes methods according to either of the eighth and ninth embodiments wherein an herbicidally effective amount of the mixture is applied either pre- or post-emergently to at least one of the following: a crop, a field, a ROW, or a rice paddy.

An eleventh embodiment includes methods according to any of the eighth through the tenth embodiments wherein the undesirable vegetation controlled is selected from the group consisting of: glyphosate-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-, glufosinate-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-, dicamba-, phenoxy auxin-, pyridyloxy auxin-, synthetic auxin-, auxin transport inhibitor-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-, cyclohexanedione-, phenylpyrazoline-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-, imidazolinone-, sulfonylurea-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-, triazolopyrimidine-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-, mitosis inhibitor-, microtubule inhibitor-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-, photosystem I inhibitor-, photosystem II inhibitor-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-, triazine-, or bromoxynil-tolerant crops.

A twelfth embodiment includes a at least one method according to any of the eighth through the eleventh embodiments wherein a plant that is tolerant to at least one herbicide is treated, and where the tolerant crop possesses multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple herbicides or inhibitors of multiple herbicide modes of action, in some embodiments the treated plant that expresses resistance to an herbicide is a itself undesirable vegetation.

A thirteen embodiment includes methods according to the twelfth embodiment, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, multiple chemical classes, inhibitors of multiple herbicide modes-of-action, or via multiple resistance mechanisms.

A fourteenth embodiment includes at least one of the methods according to either the twelfth or thirteenth embodiments, wherein the resistant or tolerant undesirable plant is a biotype resistant or tolerant to at least compounds that acts through one or more modes of action selected from the group consisting of: acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), photosystem II inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, microtubule assembly inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, herbicides with multiple modes-of-action, quinclorac, arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, or organoarsenicals.

A fifteenth embodiment includes methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising the step of applying an herbicidally effective amount of at least one mixture according to the third embodiment wherein the amount of the mixture is applied at a rate, expressed in gai/ha or gae/ha of bromobutide selected from the group of rates and ranges of rates consisting of about: 10 to 900, 100 to 300, 200 to 250, 250, 450, and 400 to 500, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A sixteenth embodiment includes methods according to either of the third and fifteenth embodiments wherein the controlled plant is at least one plant selected from the group consisting of: FIMMI and CYPRO, still other embodiments include controlling plants from the genera consisting of: Fimbristylis and Cyperus.

A seventeenth embodiment includes methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising the step of applying an herbicidally effective amount of at least one a mixture according to the fourth embodiment wherein the amount of the mixture is applied at a rate, expressed in gai/ha or gae/ha of the daimuron selected from the group of rates and ranges of rates consisting of about: 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, and 25, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

An eighteenth embodiment includes methods according to either of the fourth and seventeenth embodiments wherein the controlled plant is at least one plant selected from the group consisting of: ECHOR, FIMMI, IPOHE, LEFCH, BRAPP, ECHCO, and ECHCG, still other embodiments include controlling plants from the genera consisting of: Echinochloa, Urochloa, Brachiaria, Ipomoea, Leptochloa, and Fimbristylis.

A nineteenth embodiment includes methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising the step of applying an herbicidally effective amount of at least one a mixture according to the fifth embodiment wherein the amount of the mixture is applied at a rate, expressed in gai/ha or gae/ha of the oxaziclomefone selected from the group of rates and ranges of rates consisting of about: 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 6.25, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, and 200, or within any range defined between any pair of the foregoing values.

A twentieth embodiment includes methods according to either of the fifth and nineteenth embodiments wherein the controlled plant is at least one plant selected from the group consisting of: CYPIR, SCPJU, CYPRO, and ECHCG, still other embodiments include controlling plants from the genera consisting of: Cyperus, Schoenopleclus, and Echinochloa.

Provided herein are herbicidal compositions comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.

Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying (a) a compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

As used herein, the compound of formula (I) has the following structure:

The compound of formula (I) can be identified by the name 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylic acid and has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 (B2), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Exemplary uses of the compound of the formula (I) include controlling undesirable vegetation, including e.g., grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds, in multiple non-crop and cropping situations.

As used herein, bromobutide is 2-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-N-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)butanamide and possesses the following structure:

Its herbicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C. ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009 (hereafter “The Pesticide Manual, Fifteenth Edition, 2009.”). Exemplary uses of bromobutide include its use as an herbicide to control sedges, e.g., Echinochloa spp., Eleocharis acicularis and Scirpus juncoides, and broadleaf weeds, in paddy rice.

As used herein, daimuron is N-(4-methylphenyl)-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)urea and possesses the following structure:

Its herbicidal activity is exemplified in The Pesticide Manual, Fifteenth Edition, 2009. Exemplary uses of daimuron include its use as an herbicide for, e.g., pre-emergence and early post-emergence control of cyperaceous weeds and annual grass weeds in paddy rice.

As used herein, oxaziclomefone is 3-[1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl]-2,3-dihydro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,3-oxazin-4-one and possesses the following structure:

Its herbicidal activity is exemplified in The Pesticide Manual, Fifteenth Edition, 2009. Exemplary uses of oxaziclomefone its use as an herbicide for, e.g., control of Echinochloa spp., sedges and broadleaf weeds in paddy rice.

As used herein, pyributicarb is O-[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]N-(6-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-N-methylcarbamothioate and possesses the following structure:

Its herbicidal activity is exemplified in The Pesticide Manual, Fifteenth Edition, 2009. Exemplary uses of pyributicarb includes its use as an herbicide for, e.g., pre- or early post-emergence control of annual and perennial grass weeds in paddy rice.

As used herein, herbicide means a compound, e.g., an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants.

As used herein, an herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect to the vegetation e.g., causing deviations from natural development, killing, effecting regulation, causing desiccation, causing retardation, and the like.

As used herein, controlling undesirable vegetation means preventing, reducing, killing, or otherwise adversely modifying the development of plants and vegetation. Described herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation through the application of certain herbicide combinations or compositions. Methods of application include, but are not limited to applications to the vegetation or locus thereof. e.g., application to the area adjacent to the vegetation, as well as preemergence, postemergence, foliar (broadcast, directed, banded, spot, mechanical, over-the-top, or rescue), and in-water applications (emerged and submerged vegetation, broadcast, spot, mechanical, water-injected, granular broadcast, granular spot, shaker bottle, or stream spray) via hand, backpack, machine, tractor, or aerial (airplane and helicopter) application methods.

As used herein, plants and vegetation include, but are not limited to, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation, and established vegetation.

As used herein, agriculturally acceptable salts and esters refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those that are or can be hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding carboxylic acid which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form.

Exemplary salts include those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines. Exemplary cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aminium cations of the formula: R¹R²R³R⁴N⁺ wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ each, independently represents hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio or phenyl groups, provided that R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are sterically compatible. Additionally, any two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ together may represent an aliphatic difunctional moiety containing one to twelve carbon atoms and up to two oxygen or sulfur atoms. Salts can be prepared by treatment with a metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, with an amine, such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methylthiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.

Exemplary esters include those derived from C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl or C₇-C₁₀ aryl-substituted alkyl alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, cyclohexanol or unsubstituted or substituted benzyl alcohols. Benzyl alcohols may be substituted with from 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkoxy. Esters can be prepared by coupling of the acids with the alcohol using any number of suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI); by reacting the acids with alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate; by reacting the corresponding acid chloride of an acid with an appropriate alcohol; by reacting the corresponding acid with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst or by transesterification.

Compositions and Methods

Provided herein are herbicidal compositions comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.

Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof, i.e., the area adjacent to the plant, with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation an herbicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods employ the compositions described herein.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof exhibits synergism, e.g., the herbicidal active ingredients are more effective in combination than when applied individually. Synergism has been defined as “an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor applied separately.” Senseman, S., ed. Herbicide Handbook. 9^(th) ed. Lawrence: Weed Science Society of America, 2007. In certain embodiments, the compositions exhibit synergy as determined by the Colby's equation. Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I), i.e., the carboxylic acid, is employed. In certain embodiments, a carboxylate salt of the compound of formula (I) is employed. In certain embodiments, an aralkyl or alkyl ester is employed. In certain embodiments, a benzyl, substituted benzyl, or C₁₋₄alkyl, e.g., n-butyl ester is employed. In certain embodiments, the benzyl ester is employed.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb, or salt thereof are formulated in one composition, tank mixed, applied simultaneously, or applied sequentially.

Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of, i.e., area adjacent to the plant at any stage of growth. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are applied as a post-emergence application, pre-emergence application, or in-water application to flooded paddy rice or water bodies (e.g., ponds, lakes and streams), to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control weeds in crops, including but not limited to direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control weeds in rice. In certain embodiments, the rice is direct-seeded, water-seeded, or transplanted rice.

The compositions and methods described herein be used to control undesirable vegetation in glyphosate-tolerant-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-tolerant-, glufosinate-tolerant-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-tolerant-, dicamba-tolerant-, phenoxy auxin-tolerant-, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant-, auxin-tolerant-, auxin transport inhibitor-tolerant-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant-, cyclohexanedione-tolerant-, phenylpyrazoline-tolerant-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-tolerant-, imidazolinone-tolerant-, sulfonylurea-tolerant-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-tolerant-, triazolopyrimidine-tolerant-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-tolerant-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor-tolerant-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-tolerant-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-tolerant-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-tolerant-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, mitosis inhibitor-tolerant-, microtubule inhibitor-tolerant-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-tolerant-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, photosystem I inhibitor-tolerant-, photosystem II inhibitor-tolerant-, triazine-tolerant- and bromoxynil-tolerant-crops (such as, but not limited to, soybean, cotton, canola/oilseed rape, rice, cereals, corn, sorghum, sunflower, sugar beet, sugarcane, turf, etc.), for example, in conjunction with glyphosate, EPSP synthase inhibitors, glufosinate, glutamine synthase inhibitors, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, ACCase inhibitors, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, ALS or AHAS inhibitors, HPPD inhibitors, phytoene desaturase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, PPO inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, triazines and bromoxynil. The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple chemistries and/or inhibitors of multiple modes of action. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof are used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation, tank mix or sequentially.

The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing agronomic stress tolerance (including but not limited to drought, cold, heat, salt, water, nutrient, fertility, pH), pest tolerance (including but not limited to insects, fungi and pathogens) and crop improvement traits (including but not limited to yield; protein, carbohydrate, or oil content; protein, carbohydrate, or oil composition; plant stature and plant architecture).

The compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation. Undesirable vegetation includes, but is not limited to, undesirable vegetation that occurs in rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in rice. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash or Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Digilaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa species (ECHSS), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth) Schult. (gulf cockspur, ECHCV), Echinochloa colonum (L.) LINK (junglerice, ECHCO), Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch (early watergrass, ECHOR), Echinochloa oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger (late watergrass, ECHPH), Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koso-Pol. (rice barnyardgrass. ECHPH), Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. (creeping river grass, ECHPO), Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. (saramollagrass, ISCRU), Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees (Chinese sprangletop, LEFCH), Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray (bearded sprangletop, LEFFA), Leptochloa panicoides (Presl.) Hitchc. (Amazon sprangletop, LEFPA), Oryza species (red and weedy rice, ORYSS), Panicum dichotomiflorum (L.) Michx. (fall panicum. PANDI), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton (itchgrass. ROOEX), Cyperus species (CYPSS), Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (dallisgrass, PASDI), Cyperus difformis L. (smallflower flatsedge, CYPDI), Cyperus dubius Rottb. (MAPDU), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cperus iria L. (rice flatsedge, CYPIR), Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge. CYPRO), Cyperus serotinus Rottb./C. B. Clarke (tidalmarsh flatsedge, CYPSE). Eleocharis species (ELOSS), Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (globe fringerush, FIMMI), Schoenoplectus species (SCPSS), Schoenoplectus juncoides Roxb. (Japanese bulrush, SCPJU), Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla or, Schoenoplectus maritimus L. Lye (sea clubrush, SCPMA), Schoenoplectus mucronatus L. (ricefield bulrush, SCPMU). Aeschynomene species, (jointvetch, AESSS), Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (alligatorweed, ALRPH), Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (common waterplantain, ALSPA), Amaranthus species, (pigweeds and amaranths, AMASS), Ammannia coccinea Rottb. (redstem, AMMCO), Commelina benghalensis L. (Benghal dayflower, COMBE), Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (American false daisy, ECLAL). Heteranthera limosa (SW.) Willd./Vahl (ducksalad, HETLI), Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. (roundleaf mudplantain. HETRE). Ipomoea species (morningglories, IPOSS), Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory, IPOHE), Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (low false pimpernel, LIDDU), Ludwigia species (LUDSS), Ludwigia linifolia Poir. (southeastern primrose-willow, LUDLI), Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (longfruited primrose-willow, LUDOC) Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack (monochoria, MOOKA), Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. F.) C. Presl cx Kuhth, (monochoria, MOOVA), Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (doveweed, MUDNU). Polygonum pensylvanicum L., (Pennsylvania smartweed, POLPY), Polygonum persicaria L. (ladysthumb, POLPE), Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (POLHP, mild smartweed), Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne (Indian toothcup, ROTIN), Sagittaria species, (arrowhead, SAGSS), Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory/Rydb. Ex Hill (hemp sesbania, SEBEX), or Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. (gooseweed, SPDZE).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in cereals. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass. ALOMY), Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. (windgrass, APESV), Avena fatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome, BROTE), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass, LOLMU), Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass, PHAMI), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass, POANN), Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J. A. Schultes (yellow foxtail, SETLU), Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail, SETVI), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed, AMARE), Brassica species (BRSSS), Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters, CHEAL), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Galium aparine L. (catchweed bedstraw, GALAP), Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. (kochia, KCHSC), Lamium purpureum L. (purple deadnettle, LAMPU), Matricaria recutita L. (wild chamomile, MATCH), Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter (pineappleweed, MATMT), Papaver rhoeas L. (common poppy, PAPRH), Polygonum convolvulus L. (wild buckwheat, POLCO), Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle, SASKR), Sinapis species (SINSS), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed, STEME), Veronica persica Poir. (Persian speedwell, VERPE), Viola arvensis Murr. (field violet, VIOAR), or Viola tricolor L. (wild violet, VIOTR).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in range and pasture, fallowland, IVM and ROW. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed. AMBEL), Cassia obtusifolia (sickle pod, CASOB), Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam. (spotted knapweed, CENMA), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Convolvulus arvensis L. (field bindweed, CONAR), Daucus carota L. (wild carrot, DAUCA), Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge, EPHES), Lactuca serriola L./Torn. (prickly lettuce, LACSE), Plantago lanceolata L. (buckhorn plantain, PLALA), Rumex obtusifolius L. (broadleaf dock, RUMOB), Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida, SIDSP), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Sonchus arvensis L. (perennial sowthistle, SONAR), Solidago species (goldenrod, SOOSS), Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, TAROF), Trifolium repens L. (white clover, TRFRE), or Urtica dioica L. (common nettle, URTDI).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation found in row crops, tree and vine crops, and perennial crops. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus mosuroides Huds. (blackgrass, ALOMY), Avena Jatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. or Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Surinam grass, BRADC), Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst, ex A. Rich.) Stapf. or Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. (beard grass, BRABR), Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash or Urochloa platphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster (broadleaf signalgrass. BRAPP), Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. or Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R. D. Webster (alexandergrass, BRAPL), Cenchrus echinatus L. (southern sandbur, CENEC), Digitaria horizontalis Willd. (Jamaican crabgrass, DIGHO), Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman (sourgrass, TRCIN), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (junglerice, ECHCO), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass, ELEIN), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass, LOLMU), Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (fall panicum, PANDI), Panicum miliaceum L. (wild-proso millet, PANMI), Setaria faberi Herrm. (giant foxtail, SETFA), Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail, SETVI), Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass, SORHA), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. Arundinaceum (shattercane, SORVU), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge, CYPRO), Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (velvetleaf, ABUTH), Amaranthus species (pigweeds and amaranths, AMASS), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed, AMBEL), Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (western ragweed, AMBPS), Ambrosia trifida L. (giant ragweed, AMBTR), Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda, ANVCR), Asclepias syriaca L. (common milkweed, ASCSY), Bidens pilosa L. (hairy beggarticks, BIDPI), Borreria species (BOISS), Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. or Spermacoce alata Aubl. (broadleaf buttonweed, BOILF), Spermacose latifolia (broadleaved button weed, BOILF), Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters, CHEAL), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Commelina benghalensis L. (tropical spiderwort, COMBE), Datura stramonium L. (jimsonweed, DATST), Daucus carota L. (wild carrot, DAUCA), Euphorbia heterophylla L. (wild poinsettia, EPHHL), Euphorbia hirta L. or Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. (garden spurge, EPHHI), Euphorbia dentata Michx. (toothed spurge, EPHDE), Erigeron bonariensis L. or Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. (hairy fleabane, ERIBO), or Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Erigeron canadensis L. (Canadian fleabane, ERICA), Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. H. Walker (tall fleabane, ERIFL), Helianthus annuus L. (common sunflower, HELAN), Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory, IAQTA), Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory, IPOHE), Ipomoea lacunosa L. (white morningglory, IPOLA), Lactuca serriola L./Torn. (prickly lettuce, LACSE), Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane, POROL), Richardia species (pusley, RCHSS), Sida species (sida, SIDSS), Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida, SIDSP), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Solanum ptychanthum Dunal (eastern black nightshade, SOLPT), Tridax procumbens L. (coat buttons, TRQPR), or Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur, XANST).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in turf. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Bellis perennis L. (English daisy, BELPE), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus species (CYPSS), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Diodia virginiana L. (Virginia buttonweed, DIQVI), Euphorbia species (spurge, EPHSS), Glechoma hederacea L. (ground ivy, GLEHE), Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (dollarweed, HYDUM), Kyllinga species (kyllinga, KYLSS), Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit, LAMAM), Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (doveweed, MUDNU), Oxalis species (woodsorrel, OXASS), Plantago major L. (broadleaf plantain, PLAMA), Plantago lanceolata L. (buckhorn/narrowleaf plantain, PLALA), Phyllanthus urinaria L. (chamberbitter, PYLTE), Rumex obtusifolius L. (broadleaf dock, RUMOB), Stachys floridana Shuttlew. (Florida betony, STAFL), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed, STEME), Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, TAROF), Trfiolium repens L. (white clover, TRFRE), or Viola species (wild violet, VIOSS).

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation consisting of grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation including but not limited to, Brachiaria or Urochloa, Cyperus, Echinochloa, Fimbristylis, Ipomoea, Leptochloa and Schoenoplectus.

In some embodiments, the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb, or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is used to control Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash or Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Cyperus iria L. (rice flatsedge, CYPIR). Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge, CYPRO), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (junglerice, ECHCO). Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory, IPOHE), Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (globe fringerush, FIMMI). Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees (Chinese sprangletop, LEFCH) and Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla (Japanese bulrush, SCPJU).

The compounds of formula I or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof may be used to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. The methods employing the combination of a compound of formula I or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and the compositions described herein may also be employed to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, (e.g., imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones), photosystem II inhibitors, (e.g., phenylcarbamates, pyridazinones, triazines, triazinones, uracils, amides, ureas, benzothiadiazinones, nitriles, phenylpyridazines), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (e.g., aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, synthetic auxins, (e.g., benzoic acids, phenoxycarboxylic acids, pyridine carboxylic acids, quinoline carboxylic acids), auxin transport inhibitors (e.g., phthalamates, semicarbazones), photosystem I inhibitors, (e.g., bipyridyliums), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., glyphosate), glutamine synthetase inhibitors (e.g., glufosinate, bialaphos), microtubule assembly inhibitors (e.g., benzamides, benzoic acids, dinitroanilines, phosphoramidates, pyridines), mitosis inhibitors (e.g., carbamates), very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors (e.g., acetamides, chloroacetamides, oxyacetamides, tetrazolinones), fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors (e.g., phosphorodithioates, thiocarbamates, benzofuranes, chlorocarbonic acids), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, (e.g., diphenylethers, N-phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, phenylpyrazoles, pyrimidindiones, thiadiazoles, triazolinones), carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., clomazone, amitrole, aclonifen), phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors (e.g., amides, anilidex, furanones, phenoxybutan-amides, pyridiazinones, pyridines), 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors (e.g., callistemones, isoxazoles, pyrazoles, triketones), mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., nitriles, benzamides, quinclorac, triazolocarboxamides), herbicides with multiple modes-of-action such as quinclorac, and unclassified herbicides such as arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, and organoarsenicals. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple chemical classes, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicide modes-of-action and biotypes with multiple resistance or tolerance mechanisms (e.g., target site resistance or metabolic resistance).

In some embodiments, an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt of bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb is employed in the methods or compositions described herein.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with bromobutide or salt thereof. With regard to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to bromobutide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:450 to about 6:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to bromobutide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:272 to about 3:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to bromobutide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:91 to about 1:3. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and bromobutide. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 52 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1200 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 53 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 750 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 233 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 482 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and bromobutide or salt thereof, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, the bromobutide is applied at a rate from about 200 gai/ha to about 900 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, the bromobutide is applied at a rate from about 233 gai/ha to about 482 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 8 gae/ha to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and bromobutide. In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions utilizing the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in combination with bromobutide or a salt thereof are used to control CYPRO and FIMMI.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with daimuron or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to daimuron or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:750 to about 2.5:1. With regard to the compositions, in certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to daimuron or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:114 to about 1:4. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to daimuron or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:91 to about 1:3. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to daimuron or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:3.5 to about 1:230. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to daimuron or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:7.1 to about 1:114.2. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and daimuron. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to daimuron is about 1:7.1 to about 1:114.2. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the weight ratio of the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) to daimuron is about 1:7.1 to about 2:1. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the n-butyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the weight ratio of the n-butyl ester of the compound of formula (I) to daimuron is about 1:4.4 to about 2:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation, a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 125 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 130 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 535 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 104 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 432 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and daimuron or a salt thereof, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, the daimuron or salt thereof is applied at a rate from about 125 gai/ha to about 1500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, daimuron is applied at a rate from about 62 gai/ha to about 1000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 120 gae/ha. In some embodiments, daimuron is applied at a rate from about 125 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4.38 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha. In some embodiments, daimuron is applied at a rate from about 125 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4.38 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 35 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and daimuron. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 35 gae/ha, and daimuron is applied at a rate of about 125 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and daimuron is applied at a rate of about 125 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and daimuron, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 17.5 gae/ha, and daimuron is applied at a rate of about 125 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions utilizing the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in combination with daimuron or a salt thereof are used to control BRAPP, ECHCG, ECHCO, ECHOR, FIMMI, IPOHE, or LEFCH.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with oxaziclomefone or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:40 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:9 to about 6:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is within the range of from about 0.8:1 to about 1:9.2. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1.8:1 to about 1:4.6. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and oxaziclomefone. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the compound of formula (I) and oxaziclomefone, wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) to oxaziclomefone is about 1.8:1 to about 1:1.1. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and oxaziclomefone, wherein the weight ratio of the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) to oxaziclomefone is about 1.4:1 to about 1:4.6. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 8 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 380 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 10 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 75 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and oxaziclomefone or salt thereof, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, the oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is applied at a rate from about 6.25 gai/ha to about 80 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, the oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is applied at a rate from about 3.1 gai/ha to about 80 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 45 gae/ha. In some embodiments, the oxaziclomefone or salt thereof is applied at a rate from about 6.25 gai/ha to about 40 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4.3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 35 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and oxaziclomefone. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and oxaziclomefone, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 17.5 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 35 gae/ha, and oxaziclomefone is applied at a rate of about 20 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and oxaziclomefone, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.38 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 8.75 gae/ha, and oxaziclomefone is applied at a rate of about 20 gai/ha to about 40 gai/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions utilizing the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in combination with oxaziclomefone are used to control CYPIR, CYPRO, ECHCG or SCPJU.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with pyributicarb or salt thereof. With regard to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to pyributicarb or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:300 to about 6:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to pyributicarb or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:227 to about 1:1. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and pyributicarb or salt thereof. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 52 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 900 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 53 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 550 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and pyributicarb or salt thereof, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, the pyributicarb or salt thereof is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 600 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) or its benzyl or n-butyl ester and pyributicarb or salt thereof.

The components of the mixtures described herein can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.

The mixtures described herein can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other herbicides, the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA; 4-CPB; 4-CPP; 2,4-D; 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D esters and amines, 2,4-DB; 3,4-DA; 3,4-DB; 2,4-DEB; 2,4-DEP; 3,4-DP; 2,3,6-TBA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TB; acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, benthiocarb, bentazon-sodium, benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bialaphos, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac-sodium, borax, bromacil, bromobonil, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, brompyrazon, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid, cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole chlorprocarb, carfentrazone-ethyl, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chloropon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, cliodinate, clodinafop-propargyl, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam-methyl, CMA, copper sulfate, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop-butyl, cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, dalapon, dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl, difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon, dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA, DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethbenzamide, ethametsulfuron, ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethobenzamid, etobenzamid, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD, fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl+isoxadifen-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, fluridone, fluorochloridone, fluoroxypyr, fluoroxypyr-meptyl, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, fumiclorac, furyloxyfen, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glyphosate, halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, halosafen, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxydine, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazosulfuron, imazethapyr, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-ethyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam, isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA esters and amines, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin, methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon, methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron, morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon, oxasulfuron, oxyfluorfen, paraflufen-ethyl, parafluoron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim, proglinazine, prohexadione-calcium, prometon, prometryn, pronamide, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor, pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quizalofop, quizalofop-P-ethyl, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazonc, sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin, swep, SYN-523, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluoron, thenylchlor, thiazafluoron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfurn-methyl, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, topramezone, tralkoxydim, triafamone, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tricamba, triclopyr choline salt, triclopyr esters and salts, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime, trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac tritosulfuron, vernolate, xylachlor and salts, esters, optically active isomers and mixtures thereof.

The compositions and methods described herein, can further be used in conjunction with glyphosate, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, glufosinate, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil on glyphosate-tolerant, EPSP synthase inhibitor-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, phenoxy auxin-tolerant, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant, auxin-tolerant, auxin transport inhibitor-tolerant, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant, cyclohexanedione-tolerant, phenylpyrazoline-tolerant, ACCase-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant, sulfonylurea-tolerant, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-tolerant, triazolopyrimidine-tolerant, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-tolerant, ALS- or AHAS-tolerant, HPPD-tolerant, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-tolerant, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor tolerant, PPO-tolerant, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant, mitosis inhibitor-tolerant, microtubule inhibitor-tolerant, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-tolerant, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant, photosystem I inhibitor-tolerant, photosystem II inhibitor-tolerant, triazine-tolerant, bromoxynil-tolerant, and crops possessing multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple chemistries and/or multiple modes of action via single and/or multiple resistance mechanisms. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof are used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation, as a tank mix, or as a sequential application.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are employed in combination with one or more herbicide safeners, such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity. In some embodiments, the safeners are employed in rice, cereal, corn, or maize settings. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, cloquintocet is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice and cereals. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet (mexyl).

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are employed in combination with one or more plant growth regulators, such as 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, α-naphthaleneacetic acids, benzyladenine, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, kinetin, zeatin, endothal, ethephon, pentachlorophenol, thidiazuron, tribufos, aviglycine, maleic hydrazide, gibberellins, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, ancymidol, fosamine, glyphosine, isopyrimol, jasmonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, morphactins, dichlorflurenol, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, tetcyclacis, uniconazole, brassinolide, brassinolide-ethyl, cycloheximide, ethylene, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, triapenthenol and trinexapac.

In some embodiments, the plant growth regulators are employed in one or more crops or settings, such as rice, cereal crops, corn, maize, broadleaf crops, oilseed rape/canola, turf, pineapple, sugarcane, sunflower, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, and non-crop (ornamentals) settings. In some embodiments, the plant growth regulator is mixed with the compound of formula (I), or mixed with the compound of formula (I) and bromobutide, daimuron, pyributicarb or oxaziclomefone to cause a preferentially advantageous effect on plants.

In some embodiments, compositions provided herein further comprise at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients. Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank mixed.

Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate; nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt: blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C₉-C₁₁ alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₆) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG (400) dioleate-99.

Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents. The organic solvents include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like. Specific organic solvents include, but are not limited to toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. In certain embodiments. Water is the carrier for the dilution of concentrates.

Suitable solid carriers include but are not limited to talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay. Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, cellulose, and the like.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein further comprise one or more surface-active agents. In some embodiments, such surface-active agents are employed in both solid and liquid compositions, and in certain embodiments those designed to be diluted with carrier before application. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Surfactants which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81. Surface-active agents include, but are not limited to salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calciumdodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C₁₈ ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C₁₆ ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkyl-naphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters; vegetable or seed oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; and esters of the above vegetable oils, and in certain embodiments, methyl esters.

In some embodiments, these materials, such as vegetable or seed oils and their esters, can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent.

Other exemplary additives for use in the compositions provided herein include but are not limited to compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like. The compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the active ingredients in the compositions described herein is from about 0.0005 to 98 percent by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration is from about 0.0006 to 90 percent by weight. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients, in certain embodiments, are present in a concentration from about 0.1 to 98 weight percent, and in certain embodiments about 0.5 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions are, in certain embodiments, diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds contain, in certain embodiments, about 0.0005 to 15.0 weight percent active ingredient and in certain embodiments contain about 0.001 to 12.0 weight percent.

The present compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.

The described embodiments and following examples are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Other modifications, uses, or combinations with respect to the compositions described herein will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter.

EXAMPLES

Results in Examples I and II are greenhouse trial results.

Example I Evaluation of Postemergence Foliar-Applied Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Rice

Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in a soil matrix prepared by mixing a loam or sandy loam soil (e.g., 28.6 percent silt, 18.8 percent clay, and 52.6 percent sand, with a pH of about 5.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.8 percent) and calcareous grit in an 80 to 20 ratio. The soil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a volume of 1 quart and a surface area of 83.6 square centimeters (cm²). When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 8-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients (Peters Excel® 15-5-15 5-Ca 2-Mg and iron chelate) were applied in the irrigation solution as needed and water was added on a regular basis. Supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the first through fourth true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A), each formulated as an SC (suspension concentrate), and various herbicidal components alone and in combination. Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.

Forms of compound A (compound of formula I) tested include:

Other herbicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and included diamuron formulated as an EC (emulsifiable concentrate) and oxaziclomefone (technical grade material).

Treatment requirements were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, and a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 L/ha.

For treatments comprised of formulated compounds, measured amounts of compounds were placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and diluted in a volume of 1.25% (v/v) Agri-Dex® crop oil concentrated to obtain 12× stock solutions. If a test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. Application solutions were prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of 10 mL of an aqueous mixture of 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contained 1.25+/−0.05% (v/v) crop oil concentrate.

For treatments comprised of technical compounds, weighed amounts can be placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12× stock solutions. If a test compound does not dissolve readily, the mixture can be warmed and/or sonicated. Application solutions can be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of 10 mL of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contain 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate. When technical materials are used, the concentrated stock solutions can be added to the spray solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations of the application solutions are 16.2% and 0.5%, respectively.

For treatments comprised of formulated and technical compounds, weighed amounts of the technical materials were placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12× stock solutions, and measured amounts of the formulated compounds were placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and diluted in a volume of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate or water to obtain 12× stock solutions. If a test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. Application solutions were prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of an appropriate amount of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contained 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate. As required, additional water and/or 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO was added to individual application solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations of the application solutions being compared were 8.1% and 0.25%, respectively.

All stock solutions and applications solutions were visually inspected for compound compatibility prior to application. Spray solutions were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with a 8002E nozzle calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m² at a spray height of 18 to 20 inches (46 to 50 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After approximately 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.).

The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B: Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)

A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

The compounds tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 1-3.

TABLE 1 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Daimuron Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA A Acid Daimuron BRAPP gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 0 — 0 400 0 — 4.38 100 60 10 4.38 200 50 10 4.38 400 50 10 Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA A Acid Daimuron ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 25 — 8.75 0 80 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 0 — 0 400 0 — 4.38 100 90 25 8.75 100 95 80 4.38 200 80 25 8.75 200 90 80 4.38 400 95 25 8.75 400 90 80 Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA A Acid Daimuron ECHCO LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 50 — 0 — 8.75 0 75 — 20 — 17.5 0 90 — 50 — 0 100 0 — 0 — 0 200 10 — 0 — 0 400 10 — 0 — 4.38 100 65 50 10 0 8.75 100 95 75 50 20 17.5 100 90 90 80 50 4.38 200 80 55 15 0 8.75 200 95 78 30 20 17.5 200 95 91 80 50 4.38 400 90 55 15 0 8.75 400 90 78 35 20 17.5 400 100 91 85 50 Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA A Acid Daimuron IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 8.75 0 35 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 10 — 4.38 100 75 10 8.75 100 50 35 4.38 200 55 19 8.75 200 60 42

TABLE 2 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Daimuron Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Benzyl Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA Ester Daimuron BRAPP ECHCG ECHCO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 50 — 40 — 40 — 8.75 0 70 — 90 — 90 — 0 100 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 200 0 — 0 — 10 — 0 400 0 — 0 — 10 — 4.38 100 55 50 80 40 75 40 8.75 100 90 70 95 90 95 90 4.38 200 50 5 90 40 60 46 8.75 200 95 70 90 90 95 91 4.38 400 60 50 75 40 70 46 8.75 400 95 70 95 90 95 91 Visual Weed Compound Control (%) - 20 A Benzyl DAA Ester Daimuron LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 8.75 0 20 — 17.5  0 50 — 0   200 0 — 0   400 0 — 4.38 200 20 10 8.75 200 45 20 17.5  200 55 50 4.38 400 25 10 8.75 400 75 20 17.5  400 80 50 Visual Weed Compound Control (%) - 20 A Benzyl DAA Ester Daimuron IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 8.75 0 25 — 17.5  0 50 — 0   100 0 — 4.38 100 45 10 8.75 100 45 25 17.5  100 55 50

TABLE 3 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Oxaziclomefone Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 DAA Benzyl Ester Oxaziclomefone CYPIR SCPJU gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 25 — 75 — 8.75 0 50 — 80 — 0 6.25 0 — 0 — 4.38 6.25 50 25 100 75 8.75 6.25 100 50 100 80 BRAPP Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster signalgrass, broadleaf or Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash CYPIR Cyperus iria L. flatsedge, rice ECHCG Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. barnyardgrass ECHCO Echinochloa colona (L.) Link junglerice IPOHE Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. morningglory, ivyleaf LEFCH Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees sprangletop, Chinese SCPJU Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla bulrush, Japanese gae/ha = grams acid equivalent per hectare gai/ha = grams active ingredient per hectare Obs = observed value Exp = expected value as calculated by Colby's equation DAA = days after application

Example II Evaluation of In-Water Applied Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Transplanted Paddy Rice

Weed seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in puddled soil (mud) prepared by mixing a shredded, non-sterilized mineral soil (50.5 percent silt, 25.5 percent clay, and 24 percent sand, with a pH of about 7.6 and an organic matter content of about 2.9 percent) and water at a 1:1 volumetric ratio. The prepared mud was dispensed in 365 mL aliquots into 16-ounce (oz.) non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 square centimeters (cm²) leaving a headspace of 3 centimeters (cm) in each pot. Mud was allowed to dry overnight prior to planting or transplanting. Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at the second or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 840 mL of mud contained in 32-oz. non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 cm² 4 days prior to herbicide application. The paddy was created by filling the headspace of the pots with 2.5 to 3 cm of water. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 4-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients were added as Osmocote® (19:6:12, N:P:K+ minor nutrients) at 2 g per 16-oz. pot and 4 g per 32-oz. pot. Water was added on a regular basis to maintain the paddy flood, and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the first through fourth true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (compound A) each formulated as an SC and various herbicidal components alone and in combination. Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.

Forms of compound A (compound of formula I) tested include:

Other herbicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and included daimuron formulated as an EC, bromobutide (technical grade material), and oxaziclomefone (technical grade material).

Treatment requirements for each compound or herbicidal component were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, an application volume of 2 mL per component per pot, and an application area of 86.59 cm² per pot.

For formulated compounds, a measured amount was placed in an individual 100 or 200 mL glass vial and was dissolved in a volume of 1.25% (v/v) Agri-Dex® crop oil concentrate to obtain application solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.

For technical grade compounds, a weighed amount was placed in an individual 100 to 200 mL glass vial and was dissolved in a volume of acetone to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with an equivalent volume of an aqueous mixture containing 2.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final application solutions contained 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate.

Applications were made by injecting, with a pipetter, appropriate amounts of the application solutions, individually and sequentially, into the aqueous layer of the paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with the solvent blank. Applications were made so that all treated plant material received the same concentrations of acetone and crop oil concentrate.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood. After approximately 3 weeks the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.).

The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B: Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)

A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 4-8.

TABLE 4 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applications of Compound A Acid and Daimuron Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA A Acid Diamuron ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8.75 0 20 — 17.5 0 30 — 35 0 40 — 0 400 60 — 8.75 400 90 68 17.5 400 100 72 35 400 95 76

TABLE 5 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applications of Compound A Benzyl Ester and Daimuron Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Daimuron ECHOR FIMMI gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 8 — 15 — 16 0 5 — 65 — 32 0 13 — 75 — 0 200 0 — 10 — 0 400 15 — 80 — 8 200 15 8 50 24 16 200 20 5 100 69 32 200 25 13 100 78 8 400 35 21 95 83 16 400 35 19 99 93 32 400 40 26 100 95

TABLE 6 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applications of Compound A Acid and Oxaziclomefone Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA A Acid Oxaziclomafone CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 17.5 0 40 — 35 0 70 — 0 20 0 — 17.5 20 75 40 35 20 95 70

TABLE 7 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applications of Compound A Benzyl Ester and Oxaziclomefone Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Oxaziclomafone ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 4.38 0 40 — 8.75 0 50 — 0 20 80 — 4.38 20 100 88 8.75 20 100 90 Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Oxaziclomafone CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8.75 0 60 — 0 20 0 — 0 40 0 — 8.75 20 70 60 8.75 40 80 60

TABLE 8 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applications of Compound A Benzyl Ester and Bromobutide Herbicidal Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 DAA Benzyl Ester Bromobutide CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 50 — 16 0 85 — 32 0 90 — 0 225 0 — 0 450 0 — 8 225 70 50 16 225 85 85 32 225 100 90 8 450 75 50 16 450 90 85 32 450 95 90 Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 DAA Benzyl Ester Bromobutide FIMMI gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 0 — 16 0 0 — 0 225 0 — 0 450 15 — 8 225 20 0 16 225 60 0 8 450 90 15 16 450 75 15 CYPRO Cyperus rotundus L. nutsedge, purple ECHCG Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. barnyardgrass ECHOR Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch watergrass, early FIMMI Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl fringerush, globe gae/ha = grains acid equivalent per hectare gai/ha = grams active ingredient per hectare Obs = observed value Exp = expected value as calculated by Colby's equation DAA = days after application 

What is claimed is:
 1. A herbicidal composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I):

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or alkyl ester or benzyl ester thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, or oxaziclomefone, or a salt thereof; wherein said (a) and (b) are present in the composition in a ratio such that the composition exhibits synergy.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is a benzyl ester of compound (I).
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I), which is the carboxylic acid.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein (b) is bromobutide, daimuron, or oxaziclomefone.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable benzyl ester and (b) is bromobutide.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable benzyl ester and (b) is daimuron.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable benzyl ester and (b) is oxaziclomefone.
 8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a herbicide safener.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to bromobutide or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is from about 1:272 to about 1:1.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to daimuron or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is from about 1:230 to about 2.5:1.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to oxaziclomefone or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is from about 1:40 to about 12:1.
 12. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
 13. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with, or applying to soil or to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation, a herbicidally effective amount of a combination comprising: (a) a compound of the formula (I):

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or alkyl ester or benzyl ester thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone, or a salt thereof; wherein said (a) and (b) are present in the combination in a ratio such that the combination exhibits synergy and wherein the undesirable vegetation is in rice, cereal, wheat, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, maize or canola crop.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the undesirable vegetation is immature.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the composition is applied to the water.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the water is part of a flooded rice paddy.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the (a) and (b) are applied pre-emergently to the undesirable vegetation or to the rice, cereal, wheat, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, maize or canola crop.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the (a) and (b) are applied post-emergently to the undesirable vegetation or to the rice, cereal, wheat, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, maize or canola crop.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in glyphosate-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor-, glufosinate-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-, dicamba-, phenoxy auxin-, pyridyloxy auxin-, synthetic auxin-, auxin transport inhibitor-, aryloxyphenoxypropionates-, cyclohexanedione-, phenylpyrazoline-, acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor-, imidazolinone-, sulfonylurea-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-, triazolopyrimidine-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-, acetolactate synthase or acetohydroxy acid synthase inhibitor-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase -inhibitor-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-, mitosis inhibitor-, microtubule inhibitor-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-, photosystem I inhibitor-, photosystem II inhibitor-, triazine-, or bromoxynil- tolerant crops.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the tolerant crop possesses multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple herbicides.
 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises a herbicide resistant or tolerant plant.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the resistant or tolerant plant is resistant or tolerant to multiple herbicides.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the resistant or tolerant plant is resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase or acetohydroxy acid synthase inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors, microtubule assembly inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, phytoene desaturase inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, herbicides with multiple modes-of-action, quinclorac, arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, or organoarsenicals. 